کربون

کربون, ₆C
General properties
Allotropes	graphite, diamond
Appearance	graphite: black; diamond: clear
کربون in the periodic table
boron ← کربون → نیتروژن	‍
Atomic number (Z)	6
Group, period	group 14 (carbon group), period 2
Block	p-block
Element category	reactive nonmetal, sometimes considered a metalloid
Electron configuration	[هلیوم] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density near r.t.	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 ; graphite: 2.267 g/cm3 ; diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) ; diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	+4, +3, +2, +1, فرمالدهید, −1, متانول, اتان, −4 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol ; (more)
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pm; sp2: 73 pm; sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	graphite: simple hexagonal ; (black)
Crystal structure	diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic ; (clear)
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m·K) ; diamond: 900–2300 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 ; diamond: 10
CAS Number	7440-44-0
تاریخی
Discovery	اسکی میصر and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	آنتوان لاووازیه (1789)
Main isotopes of کربون
	باخ; دانیش; دییش; \| references \| in Wikidata

کربوْن (kərbon) یا کاربوْن (karbon) بیر نؤوع شیمیایی عونصوردور. آتوم نۆمره‌سی ۶ و نۇمادی ایسه C دیر. کربون آتومونون اوچ شکلی وار: C12 ،C13 و C14.

قایناقلار

^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
^ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
^ Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP.
^ Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical. یوخلانیلیب 2007-12-06.
^ Carbon: Binary compounds. یوخلانیلیب 2007-12-06.
^ ^۷٫۰ ^۷٫۱ ^۷٫۲ ^۷٫۳ ^۷٫۴ Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
^ Material Properties- Misc Materials. یوْخلانیلیب12 November 2016.
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky. Caer.uky.edu. یوْخلانیلیب2008-09-12.
^ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). Who discovered carbon?. Frostburg State University. یوْخلانیلیب2007-11-24.

[CRC-1] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[triple2-2] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-3] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[4] Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP.

[5] Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical. یوخلانیلیب 2007-12-06.

[6] Carbon: Binary compounds. یوخلانیلیب 2007-12-06.

[ioffe-7] ۷٫۰ ^۷٫۱ ^۷٫۲ ^۷٫۳ ^۷٫۴ Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

[8] Material Properties- Misc Materials. یوْخلانیلیب12 November 2016.

[9] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[10] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[11] History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky. Caer.uky.edu. یوْخلانیلیب2008-09-12.

[12] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). Who discovered carbon?. Frostburg State University. یوْخلانیلیب2007-11-24.

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]

[۷]

[۸]

[۹]

[۱۰]

[۱۱]

[۱۲]