فالانژ

فالانژ (یونانیجه: Φάλαγγα) بیر جؤره قؤشون آراییشی دیر کی قدیم زمانلاردا عمومی حالتینده مدیترانه قیراقیندا اؤلان اؤلکه لر ده ایشلنردی.

بو طریقه قدیم یونان اؤلکه سینده توسعه وریلدی و سؤنرالیقدا یونان کلونی لری بو سبکی آیری اؤلکه لره گستردی لر.

بو تاکتیکی شیوه، زارنیق ایختیراع اؤلانینجاق و توفنگ آریا گلینجق دوام الدی و دونیانین بؤیوک ساواشلاریندا ایشلنردی.^[۱]

یارانماق (سومرلر دؤرانیندا)

ایلک دفعه قدیم سومری قؤشونوندا ساواشچیلار بو سبکینده میدانا گیردیلر. عسگرلر آلتی سؤره ده میدانا گیرردیلر، بیرمینجی سؤره ده کی عسگرلر بؤیوک بیر مستطیل سپر آلارمیشلار اللرینه ایکیمینجی سؤره ده کی آغئر پیاده فالانژلار بؤیوک بیر نیزه اللرینده و یا بالتا اینان دایانارمیشلار بو گؤردان آلتی سؤرسی دالبادالا اؤلارمیش.^[۲]

قدیم یونان دؤرانیندا

یونانی هوپلیت نیگارسی.

یددی یؤز ایل مسیحین میلادین دان قاباق یونانین دؤلت شهر لری بیر جؤره سگگیز ساپلی(سؤره) فالانژ گؤردانین، هوپلایت یا هوپلیت آدیندا تربیت ائلدی.

هوپلایتلار، آغئر بیر پیاده عسگرلریدی لر کی فالانژ آراییشیله ساواشاردیلار بیر داییره سپر سؤل الده و بیر ایکی متیر یاریملیق نیزه ساق الده ساخلاردیلار، بیر دمیر یا چرمی زره (corselet) بدنلرین قؤریاردی و بیرجؤره گرانول(آیاق زرهی) آیاقلاریندان حیفاظت ائلردی. بو واحیدین زاپاس بیر ایکی لبه لی قمه سی ده یانلاریندا اؤلاردی.^[۳]

هوپلایت گؤردانیندا هئچ بیر افسر اؤلمازیدی و عسگرلر فولوت سسینن حرکت و ساواشلارین باشلارمیشلار. آغئر بیر واحید اؤلماق بو واحیدین سؤرعتین اندیریردی آنجاق بولار پیشروی ادنده هماهنگلیق لری قؤرخمالی بیر صحنه یاراداردی.

بیر بؤیوک مؤشکول بو هوپلایتلارا بوییدی که قیراقلاردان ضعفی واریدی و آراییشی چؤندرمق چوخ چتینیدی و ایه بو گؤردانا دالدان یا بؤئرلردن هجوم اؤلونسیدی راحاتچیلیقلا آرادان گدیردیلر.^[۴]

مقدونی ایمپراطورلوغو دؤرانیندا

مقدونی قؤشونون آراییشی کی B لر فالانژ دسته لریدی. A لار یؤنگؤل پیاده. D و E لر آتچی و C لر اؤخچی.

ایکیمینجی مقدونیه لی فیلیپ و اسکندر کبیر زامانیندا بو آراییش داها آرتیق اهمیت تاپیپ و چوخلی یتیشیلدی.

ایسکندر زامانیندا فالانژین اؤنالتی سؤرو عسگری واریدی کی آلتی متیرلیق ساریسا نیزه سینن ساواشدا سؤرؤلنیب و ساواشیردیلار.

قاباق سؤرولرده بئش ردیف نیزه لرین افقی اؤلان صورتینده ساخلاردیلار و قالانلار عمودی ایمیش.

هر گؤردانین ساق سؤلوندا، یؤنگؤل پیاده لر اؤلارمیش کی بعضا اؤخ یا نیزه آتارمیشلار.^[۵]

آتچیلار یؤنگؤل و آغئر گؤردانلاریندا، قؤشونون آرخاسیندا دایانیب و فالانژلاری حیمایت الردیلر.

روم دؤرانیندا

روم جومهوریتی تازا تاسیس اؤلان زامانلاریندا، ایکینجی قرن میلاد دان قاباق لاتیوم اؤلکسینده یونانی سبکینده فالانژدان بهره آپاریردی.

رومیلر فالانژی بیراز دییشیب و عسگرلر بیر خاصا نیزه هاستا آدیلا ایشلدیب اؤن اؤچون بو واحیدین آدین هاستاتی گؤیدولار.

اما سؤنرالیقدا لژیونرلر بو واحید لرین یئرین توتدولار.^[۶]

اؤرتا عصری

مین ایل غربی روم ایمپراطورلوغون آرادان گئتمسیندن سؤنرا، اؤنبش مینجی میلادی قرنینده اورتا عصرلرینده، سؤییسی کددیلر و اکینچیلری اؤز آزادلیق لاری اؤچؤن آلپ دره لرینده کی آغئر آتچیلار مانور وئره بیلمیردیلر، بیر دالی باخماقنان فالانژ گؤردانلارین دیریتدیلر.

سوئیس فالانژلاری زره زاد گئیرمیردیلر کی بو عینوان باعیث اؤلؤردی گؤنده ۳۰ مایل یؤل گده بیله لر. بو ایمکان بونلارین دؤشمانلارین قؤرخودماق اؤچون بؤیوک بیر پدیده ایدی.^[۷]

اؤنالتی اینجی قرنینده، آیبریالیلار، ایسپانیا اؤلکه سینده هارکوباس(شمخال) توفنگی و فالانژ سؤرؤلرین قارشی تاکتیکین دؤنیایه تانیندیردیلار. تؤفنگچیلر فالانژلارین قاباقیندا تیرآتیب و اؤنلارین دالینا گئتمق نن تازا دان تؤفنگی دؤلدوروردیلار. اسپانیالیلر بو تاکتیکنن ان چتین ساواشلاری باشدان الدیلر.^[۸]

گؤرونتولر

یونان فالانژی، ایران قؤشونون آرادان آپاران گؤردان.

هلنی ساواش مؤزه سینده نیگاره کی بیر گؤردان مقدونی فالانژی گؤرسدیر.

بیر مقدونی فالانژ.

کارت ساواشیندا مقدونی فالانژلار.

قایناقلار

^ بریتانیکا
^ بریتانیکا.The ancient Sumerian army fielded a standard six-man-deep phalanx; the first line went into battle carrying large, rectangular shields, and the troops bore heavy pikes and battle axes. During the 7th century BC the Greek city-states adopted a phalanx eight men deep.
^ بریتانیکاDuring the 7th century BC the Greek city-states adopted a phalanx eight men deep. The Greek hoplite, the heavy-armed infantryman who manned the phalanx, was equipped with a round shield, a heavy corselet of leather and metal, greaves (shin armour), an 8-foot pike for thrusting, and a 2-foot double-edged sword.
^ بریتانیکا.Since the phalanx held in solid ranks and was divided only into the centre and wings, there was generally little need for an officer corps; the whole line advanced in step to the sound of the flute. Such a formation encouraged cohesion among advancing troops and presented a frightening spectacle to the enemy, but it was difficult to maneuver and, if penetrated by enemy formations, became little more than a mob.
^ بریتانیکا.The basic Greek formation was made more flexible by Philip II of Macedon and his son, Alexander III the Great. Alexander’s core unit in the phalanx was the syntagma, normally 16 men deep. Each soldier was armed with the sarissa, a 13- to 21-foot spear; in battle formation, the first five ranks held their spears horizontally in front of the advancing phalanx, each file being practically on the heels of the men in front. The remaining 11 ranks presumably held their spears vertically or rested them on the shoulders of those in front. On both sides of the syntagma, lending mobility as well as protection, was the light infantry, a disciplined force of archers, slingers, and javelin men. Protecting the flanks and poised to charge the enemy’s weak points was heavy cavalry, armed with sword and javelin. Squadrons of light horse were used for scouting and skirmishing.
^ بریتانیکا. From the founding of their city-state until the close of the 2nd century BC, the Romans found the Greek-style phalanx suitable for fighting in the plains of Latium. The basic weapon for this formation was a thrusting spear called the hasta; from this the heavy infantry derived its name, hastati, retaining it even after Rome abandoned the phalanx for the more flexible legion.
^ بریتانیکا. For a millennium after the fall of Rome, massed infantry was swept from the field by heavy cavalry, but in the 15th century, Swiss burghers and peasants, fighting for their freedom in Alpine valleys where cavalry had little room to maneuver, brought about a return of the phalanx. This consisted of one-fifth missile weapons (chiefly the crossbow), one-fifth spears, and three-fifths halberds (eight-foot shafts with the blade of an ax, the point of a spear, and a hook for pulling a rider out of the saddle). Discarding all armour except for the helmet and cuirass, the Swiss were able to march 30 miles a day and attack with a celerity and discipline that were disconcerting to their adversaries.
^ بریتانیکا. In the 16th century, Spanish troops armed with pike and harquebus introduced the first phalanx of the gunpowder age—solid columns of infantry known as battles. Usually the harquebusiers were drawn up on the corners of battles 25 ranks deep. After firing at the word of command, each rank withdrew to the rear to reload under cover of the pikemen and gradually moved forward by successive volleys until its turn came again. When the enemy’s ranks were broken by firepower, the pikemen evolved from square into line and advanced, shoulder to shoulder, in a massive charge calculated to sweep the field.

[1] بریتانیکا

[2] بریتانیکا.The ancient Sumerian army fielded a standard six-man-deep phalanx; the first line went into battle carrying large, rectangular shields, and the troops bore heavy pikes and battle axes. During the 7th century BC the Greek city-states adopted a phalanx eight men deep.

[:0-3] بریتانیکاDuring the 7th century BC the Greek city-states adopted a phalanx eight men deep. The Greek hoplite, the heavy-armed infantryman who manned the phalanx, was equipped with a round shield, a heavy corselet of leather and metal, greaves (shin armour), an 8-foot pike for thrusting, and a 2-foot double-edged sword.

[4] بریتانیکا.Since the phalanx held in solid ranks and was divided only into the centre and wings, there was generally little need for an officer corps; the whole line advanced in step to the sound of the flute. Such a formation encouraged cohesion among advancing troops and presented a frightening spectacle to the enemy, but it was difficult to maneuver and, if penetrated by enemy formations, became little more than a mob.

[5] بریتانیکا.The basic Greek formation was made more flexible by Philip II of Macedon and his son, Alexander III the Great. Alexander’s core unit in the phalanx was the syntagma, normally 16 men deep. Each soldier was armed with the sarissa, a 13- to 21-foot spear; in battle formation, the first five ranks held their spears horizontally in front of the advancing phalanx, each file being practically on the heels of the men in front. The remaining 11 ranks presumably held their spears vertically or rested them on the shoulders of those in front. On both sides of the syntagma, lending mobility as well as protection, was the light infantry, a disciplined force of archers, slingers, and javelin men. Protecting the flanks and poised to charge the enemy’s weak points was heavy cavalry, armed with sword and javelin. Squadrons of light horse were used for scouting and skirmishing.

[6] بریتانیکا. From the founding of their city-state until the close of the 2nd century BC, the Romans found the Greek-style phalanx suitable for fighting in the plains of Latium. The basic weapon for this formation was a thrusting spear called the hasta; from this the heavy infantry derived its name, hastati, retaining it even after Rome abandoned the phalanx for the more flexible legion.

[7] بریتانیکا. For a millennium after the fall of Rome, massed infantry was swept from the field by heavy cavalry, but in the 15th century, Swiss burghers and peasants, fighting for their freedom in Alpine valleys where cavalry had little room to maneuver, brought about a return of the phalanx. This consisted of one-fifth missile weapons (chiefly the crossbow), one-fifth spears, and three-fifths halberds (eight-foot shafts with the blade of an ax, the point of a spear, and a hook for pulling a rider out of the saddle). Discarding all armour except for the helmet and cuirass, the Swiss were able to march 30 miles a day and attack with a celerity and discipline that were disconcerting to their adversaries.

[8] بریتانیکا. In the 16th century, Spanish troops armed with pike and harquebus introduced the first phalanx of the gunpowder age—solid columns of infantry known as battles. Usually the harquebusiers were drawn up on the corners of battles 25 ranks deep. After firing at the word of command, each rank withdrew to the rear to reload under cover of the pikemen and gradually moved forward by successive volleys until its turn came again. When the enemy’s ranks were broken by firepower, the pikemen evolved from square into line and advanced, shoulder to shoulder, in a massive charge calculated to sweep the field.

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